In , he served as a delegate to the state Republican convention and campaigned for John C. Fremont, the Republicans' candidate for president in In , he was appointed by the Cincinnati City Council to serve as city solicitor following the death of that office's incumbent. He was elected to a full term as city solicitor in In , he was defeated in his bid for re-election. He served through the war's conclusion in , achieving the rank of Brevet Major General of Volunteers. In , Hayes was elected to serve in the U.
House of Representatives as the representative for Ohio's 2nd Congressional District. He assumed office in December He was re-elected to a second term in , but he resigned in July to pursue the governorship of Ohio.
He was elected and served two terms as governor, from to In , he lost the election for his old seat in the U. In , he was elected governor of Ohio for the third time. On June 14, , the Republican Party selected Hayes as the party's nominee for the presidency. On November 7, , Democratic presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote for the presidency but failed to win the requisite electoral votes.
Tilden had won votes to Hayes' , with 20 votes unresolved. On January 26, , the United States Congress approved the Electoral Count Act, which established an electoral commission to determine how to tally the disputed electoral votes. During his first year in office, Hayes ordered that federal troops be withdrawn from Louisiana and South Carolina, the final two former Confederate states subject to military occupation at the time Hayes assumed office.
The withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina effectively ended the Reconstruction Era, which had commenced at the conclusion of the Civil War in In the summer of , a series of railroad worker strikes occurred, starting on July 17, , in Martinsburg, West Virginia. The strikes spread throughout the Northeast and Midwest, impacting railroad operations in a number of states, including Illinois, Maryland, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.
Over , workers participated in these strikes, which constituted the largest labor disturbance in the nation up to that point. Hayes ordered federal troops, under the command of General Winfield Scott Hancock, to break the strikes, protect federal property, and help reopen railways.
This marked the first use of federal troops to suppress a strike against a private company. Hayes did not seek re-election to a second term in office. His presidency concluded on March 4, He was succeeded by James Garfield R. In , he became the first president of the National Prison Reform Association. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Bush Bill Clinton George W. Help inform the discussion Support the Miller Center.
University of Virginia Miller Center. Main navigation Administration Key Events. Hayes It is the desire of the good people of the whole country that sectionalism as a factor in our politics should disappear. They prefer that no section of the country should be united in solid opposition to any other section.
Fourth Annual Message. Overview Rutherford B. Birth Date October 4, However, contested electoral-college votes in Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina kept the candidate afloat: If all of the disputed votes went to Hayes, he would win; if even a single vote went to Tilden, Hayes was finished. In what would end up being one of the most controversial elections in American history, uncertainty reigned for months after the election, until January , when Congress established an ad hoc electoral commission to decide the dispute once and for all.
The commission was composed of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, so it was no surprise that it decided in favor of Hayes by an vote, handing the final electoral tally to Hayes by a count.
The result was contentious, and to avoid fueling any burning flames of resentment, Hayes secretly took the oath of office on Saturday, March 3, , in the Red Room of the White House. Hayes was the first president to take the oath in the White House; he was also the first president to have a typewriter and a telephone there. This was a blow to any equal-rights strides made since the Civil War, but Hayes subsequently spent a good deal of effort fighting on behalf of civil-rights laws aimed at protecting Black Americans.
Hayes next turned his attention toward revamping the civil-service process, which had awarded political loyalty in its appointments instead of merit. While he fought the good fight on the issue, results would not be seen until years later, when changes Hayes had proposed were implemented via the Pendleton Act, which mandated the civil service exam under the presidency of Chester A.
Hayes deployed federal troops to quell ensuing riots, and in the end the workers returned to their posts with the pay cuts still in force—a victory for the railroads. Inside the White House, a distinguishing feature emerged from first lady Lucy Hayes: an alcohol-free policy.
Adhering to his pledge of serving only one presidential term, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio, in Hayes and his wife Lucy were the parents of eight children. He died in , four years after his wife. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives.
Lyndon B.
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