You will not usually need to be isolated during this time, but it's important to take some basic precautions to stop the infection spreading to your family and friends. If you're in close contact with someone who has TB, you may have tests to see whether you're also infected. These can include a chest X-ray , blood tests , and a skin test called the Mantoux test. The BCG vaccine is not routinely given to anyone over the age of 35 as there's no evidence that it works for people in this age group.
If you're a healthcare worker or NHS employee and you come into contact with patients or clinical specimens, you should also have a TB vaccination, irrespective of age, if:.
Read more about who should have the BCG vaccine. UK has detailed information on each country's TB rates. Page last reviewed: 12 November Next review due: 12 November Symptoms of TB Typical symptoms of TB include: a persistent cough that lasts more than 3 weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody weight loss night sweats high temperature tiredness and fatigue loss of appetite swellings in the neck You should see a GP if you have a cough that lasts more than 3 weeks or you cough up blood.
What causes TB? Consistent with previous years, the majority of reported TB cases occurred among non-U. In , diabetes mellitus In , 2. Additional Resources.
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Shortness of breath and chest pain. Symptoms of an active TB infection outside the lungs Symptoms of TB outside the lungs extrapulmonary TB vary widely depending on which area of the body is infected. What Happens Tuberculosis TB develops when Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are inhaled into the lungs. Without treatment, active TB can cause serious complications, such as: Pockets or cavities that form in the lungs.
These damaged areas may cause bleeding in the lungs or may become infected with other bacteria and form pockets of pus abscesses. A hole that forms between nearby airways in the lungs. Difficulty breathing because of blocked airways. TB can be fatal if it is not treated. Active TB outside the lungs Active TB in parts of the body other than the lungs extrapulmonary TB is not spread easily to other people. What Increases Your Risk People are at increased risk of infection with tuberculosis TB when they: Have close contact such as living in the same house with someone who has active TB, which can be spread to others.
Active TB is very contagious. Are health professionals who may care for people with untreated TB. Live or work in crowded conditions where they can come into contact with people who may have untreated active TB. This includes people who live or work in prisons, nursing homes, military barracks, or homeless shelters. Have poor access to health care, such as homeless people, migrant farm workers, or people who abuse alcohol or drugs.
People who have an infection that cannot spread to others latent TB infection are at risk of developing active TB if they: Have an impaired immune system. The immune system may be weakened in older adults, newborns, women who are pregnant or have recently given birth, and people who have HIV infection, some cancers, or poorly controlled diabetes.
Take some types of medicines, such as long-term corticosteroids , biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease , or medicines to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ. Have a chronic lung disease caused by breathing in tiny sand or silica particles silicosis or celiac disease. When should you call your doctor? Call your doctor immediately if you have: Symptoms such as a cough that may produce bloody mucus along with fever, fatigue, and weight loss that could be caused by tuberculosis TB.
Been in close contact with someone who has untreated active TB, which can be spread to others, or you have had lengthy close contact with someone you think has untreated active TB.
Blurred vision or changes in how you see colors and are taking ethambutol for TB. Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes jaundice or you have abdominal pain and you are taking isoniazid or other medicines for TB.
Call your doctor if you: Have recently had a TB skin test and you have a red bump at the needle site. You need to have a reaction measured by a health professional within 2 to 3 days after the test.
This measurement is important in deciding whether you need more tests or treatment. Have been exposed to someone who has active TB. Who to see Health professionals and public health agencies can help you discover whether you have tuberculosis TB.
These include: Your local public health department. Primary care doctors general practitioner , family medicine doctor , internist , pediatrician. Pulmonologists , doctors who specialize in treating lung problems. Infectious disease specialists. Health professionals and public health agencies can also help you with treatment.
They include: Your local public health department, which often has a TB specialist. Primary care doctors who know about treating TB. Pulmonologists, doctors who specialize in treating lung problems.
Other specialists to treat complications. Exams and Tests Diagnosing active TB in the lungs Doctors diagnose active tuberculosis TB in the lungs pulmonary TB by using a medical history and physical exam, and by checking your symptoms such as an ongoing cough, fatigue, fever, or night sweats. Doctors will also look at the results of a: Sputum culture. Testing mucus from the lungs sputum culture is the best way to diagnose active TB.
But a sputum culture can take 1 to 8 weeks to provide results. Sputum cytology. Chest X-ray. Symptoms of active TB, such as a persistent cough, fatigue, fever, or night sweats. An uncertain reaction to the tuberculin skin test because of a weakened immune system , or to a previous bacille Calmette-Guerin BCG vaccination.
Rapid sputum test. This test can provide results within 24 hours. Diagnosing latent TB in the lungs A tuberculin skin test will show if you have ever had a TB infection. See a picture of a tuberculin skin test.
Rapid blood tests help detect latent TB. A rapid test requires only one visit to the doctor or clinic, instead of two visits as required for the tuberculin skin test. Rapid blood tests are also called interferon-gamma release assays IGRAs.
Tests include: Biopsy. A sample of the affected area is taken out and sent to a lab to look for TB-causing bacteria. Urine culture. This test looks for TB infection in the kidneys renal TB. Lumbar puncture. A sample of fluid around the spine is taken to look for a TB infection in the brain TB meningitis. CT scan. This test is used to diagnose TB that has spread throughout the body miliary TB and to detect lung cavities caused by TB.
This test looks for TB in the brain or the spine. Tests during TB treatment During treatment, a sputum culture is done once a month—or more often—to make sure that the antibiotics are working. These tests may include: Liver function tests. Eye tests, especially if you are taking ethambutol for TB treatment.
Hearing tests, especially if you are taking streptomycin for TB treatment. Early detection Public health officials encourage screening for people who are at risk for getting TB.
Treatment for active tuberculosis Health experts recommend: footnote 5 Using more than one medicine to prevent multidrug-resistant TB. The standard treatment begins with four medicines given for 2 months. Continuing treatment for 4 to 9 months or longer if needed. The number of medicines used during this time depends on the results of sensitivity testing. Using directly observed therapy DOT. This means visits with a health professional who watches you every time you take your medicine.
A cure for TB requires you to take all doses of the antibiotics. These visits ensure that people follow medicine instructions, which is helpful because of the long treatment course for TB.
Trying a different combination of medicines if the treatment is not working because of drug resistance when tests show that TB-causing bacteria are still active. Using different treatment programs for people infected with HIV, people infected with TB bacteria that are resistant to one or more medicines, pregnant women, and children. Treatment for latent tuberculosis Experts recommend one of the following: Using one medicine to kill the TB bacteria and prevent active TB.
The standard treatment is isoniazid taken for 9 months. For people who cannot take isoniazid for 9 months, sometimes a 6-month treatment program is done. This is an acceptable alternate treatment, especially for people who have been exposed to bacteria that are resistant to isoniazid.
The antibiotic combination includes isoniazid and rifapentine. Treatment is recommended for anyone with a skin test that shows a TB infection, and is especially important for people who: Are known to or are likely to be infected with HIV. Have close contact with a person who has active TB. Have a chest X-ray that suggests a TB infection and have not had a complete course of treatment. Inject illegal drugs. Have medical conditions or take medicines that weaken the immune system. Treatment for extrapulmonary tuberculosis Treatment for tuberculosis in parts of the body other than the lungs extrapulmonary TB usually is the same as for pulmonary TB.
You may need treatment in a hospital if you have: Severe symptoms. TB that is resistant to multiple-drug therapy. What to think about If treatment is not successful, the TB infection can flare up again relapse. Prevention Active tuberculosis TB in the lungs is very contagious. To avoid getting TB: Do not spend long periods of time in stuffy, enclosed rooms with anyone who has active TB until that person has been treated for at least 2 weeks.
Use protective measures, such as face masks, if you work in a facility that cares for people who have untreated TB. If you live with someone who has active TB, help and encourage the person to follow treatment instructions. Can the TB vaccine help? The vaccine is not very effective in adults who receive it. This complicates the use of the tuberculin skin test to check people for TB. Home Treatment Home treatment for tuberculosis TB focuses on taking the medicines correctly to reduce the risk of developing multidrug-resistant TB.
Keep all your medical appointments. Take your medicines as prescribed. Report any side effects of the medicines, especially vision problems. If you plan to move during the time that you are being treated, let your doctor know so that arrangements can be made for you to continue the treatment. Healthy eating and exercise During treatment for TB, eat healthy foods and get enough sleep and some exercise to help your body fight the infection.
If you do not feel like eating, eat your favorite foods. Eat smaller meals several times a day instead of a few large ones. Drink high-calorie protein shakes between meals. Or try nutritious drinks, such as Ensure. If you feel sick to your stomach, try drinking peppermint or ginger tea. Ask your doctor when it is safe for you to exercise. When you can go outside, walking is good way to get exercise. Start slowly if you have not been active.
Try one minute or two minute walks to start. Slowly increase your time. Try to walk as often as you can. Emotional issues Because TB treatment takes so long, it is normal to: Be embarrassed about having TB and worried that other people will find out about it. Feel bad because people have to wear a mask to keep from getting infected when they are near you.
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